BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (PE – IV) B.Tech. IV Year I Semester JNTUH R-18

• Explain the differences between various types of bio-signals (e.g., ECG, EEG, EMG) and their characteristics.

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• Describe the structure and function of a cell membrane and explain the Nernst equation.

• Discuss the difference between resting and action potentials and their significance in bio-potential sensing.

• Explain the challenges and solutions associated with amplifying bio-signals in medical instruments.

• Compare and contrast different types of bio-potential electrodes (e.g., surface, internal, microelectrodes) and their applications.

• Describe the working principle of reference electrodes and various bio-chemical transducers like pH and blood gas electrodes.

Unit II: Cardiovascular Instrumentation

• Explain the structure and function of the heart and the cardiovascular system.

• Describe the electrical activity of the heart and its relationship to the ECG waveform.

• Explain the principles of ECG recording, including electrode placement, leads, and amplifiers.

• Discuss different types of ECG recorders and their features.

• Explain the methods and instrumentation for measuring blood pressure and blood flow.

Unit III: Neurological Instrumentation

• Describe the process of neuronal communication and its role in brain function.

• Explain the principles of electroencephalography (EEG) and its use in evaluating brain activity.

• Discuss different EEG electrode placement systems and their significance in data interpretation.

• Explain the block diagram of an EEG system, including preamplifiers, amplifiers, and filters.

• Describe the principles of electromyography (EMG) and its applications in muscle function evaluation.

• Briefly explain the operation of EMG stimulators.

Unit IV: Equipment for Critical Care

• Explain the working principles and applications of various therapeutic equipment used in critical care, such as pacemakers, defibrillators, shortwave diathermy machines, and hemodialysis machines.

• Describe the mechanisms of respiration and explain the principles of various respiratory instrumentation like spirometry, pneumotachography, and ventilators.

Unit V: Principles of Medical Imaging

• Compare and contrast different medical imaging techniques like radiography, computed radiography, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, SPECT, PET, and ultrasonography.

• Explain the basic principles behind each imaging technique and discuss its clinical applications.

• Briefly introduce the concept of telemedicine and its potential applications in healthcare.

Bonus questions:

• Discuss the ethical considerations associated with the use of medical instruments and imaging techniques.

• Describe some emerging trends and advancements in biomedical instrumentation.

• Explain the role of signal processing and computational tools in interpreting bio-signals and medical images.