BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (PE – IV) B.Tech. IV Year I Semester JNTUH R-18

• How are bio-signals characterized, and how do they differ from other types of signals?

• Explain the Nernst equation and its role in generating membrane potentials.

• Compare and contrast resting and action potentials in biological cells.

• Discuss the challenges and limitations of acquiring bio-potential measurements.

• What are the different types of bio-potential electrodes, and how are they chosen for specific applications?

• Explain the working principle and importance of reference electrodes and biochemical transducers.

Unit II: Cardiovascular Instrumentation

• Describe the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system.

• Explain the origin of heart electrical activity and its significance in electrocardiography (ECG).

• Describe the different components of an ECG amplifier and their roles in signal processing.

• Discuss the various types of ECG leads and their placement protocols.

• How are blood pressure and blood flow measured, and what instruments are used?

Unit III: Neurological Instrumentation

• Explain the principles of neuronal communication and how it generates brain waves.

• Discuss the significance of electroencephalogram (EEG) in diagnosing neurological disorders.

• Describe the EEG electrode placement system and the challenges of recording brain activity.

• Explain the block diagram of an EEG system and the functions of its components.

• Compare and contrast EEG with electromyography (EMG) and their applications in clinical diagnosis.

Unit IV: Equipment for Critical Care

• Explain the different types of therapeutic equipment used in critical care, such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and diathermy machines.

• Discuss the working principles of each equipment and their clinical applications.

• Describe the mechanisms of respiration and the role of respiratory instrumentation in critical care.

• Explain the principles of operation of spirometers, pneumotachographs, and ventilators.

Unit V: Principles of Medical Imaging

• Compare and contrast different medical imaging techniques like radiography, computed radiography, and computed tomography (CT).

• Explain the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its applications in diagnosis.

• Discuss the role of nuclear medicine in medical imaging and the techniques of SPECT and PET.

• Describe the principles of ultrasonography and its advantages and limitations compared to other imaging modalities.

• Explain the potential of telemedicine in healthcare and its impact on diagnosis and patient care.